Planar and Twisted Molecular Structure Leads to the High Brightness of Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles for NIR-IIa Fluorescence Imaging

Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) emitting in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) are promising materials for deep-tissue optical imaging in mammals, but the brightness is far from satisfactory. Herein, we developed a molecular design strategy to boost the brightness of NIR-II SPNs: structure planarization and twisting. By integration of the strong absorption coefficient inherited from planar pi-conjugated units and high solid-state quantum yield (Phi(PL)) from twisted motifs into one polymer, a rise in brightness was obtained. The resulting pNIR-4 with both twisted and planar structure displayed improved Phi(PL) and absorption when compared to the planar polymer pNIR-1 and the twisted polymer pNIR-2. Given the emission tail extending into the NIR-IIa region (1300-1400 nm) of the pNIR-4 nanoparticles, NIR-lla fluorescence imaging of blood vessels with enhanced clarity was observed. Moreover, a pH-responsive poly(beta-amino ester) made pNIR-4 specifically accumulate at tumor sites, allowing NIR-Ha fluorescence image-guided cancer precision resection. This study provides a molecular design strategy for developing highly bright fluorophores.