Increased monocyte-platelet aggregates and monocyte-endothelial adhesion in healthy individuals with vitamin D deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency is a major public health problem worldwide, linked to several chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases. While immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D on monocytes have been reported in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, there is limited understanding on monocyte phenotype in healthy individuals with suboptimal vitamin D levels and without any clinical diseases. In this work, we performed label-free, microfluidic isolation of monocytes, and characterized their functional phenotype using flow cytometry and in vitro vascular models in healthy subjects with (n = 7) and without vitamin D deficiency (n = 16). Vitamin D deficient (VitD-Def) subjects (25(OH)D(3)level < 26 ng/mL) expressed significant downregulation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) on monocytes as compared to controls (P < .0001), and VDR expression was well-associated with serum 25(OH)D(3)levels. Increased monocyte-platelet aggregates (MPA), a marker for platelet activation, were also observed in VitD-Def subjects (P < .05) which suggests a pro-inflammatory monocyte phenotype. Monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, an early-stage atherosclerosis event, was also higher in VitD-Def individuals, and inversely correlated to serum 25(OH)D(3)level (P < .05). Taken together, these results indicate the pro-inflammatory state and atherogenic potential of monocytes in VitD-Def healthy subjects, and propound the use of vitamin D supplementation as a prospective immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory therapy in atherosclerosis.