Neural coordination of bilateral power and precision finger movements

The dexterity of hands and fingers is related to the strength of control by cortico-motoneuronal connections which exclusively exist in primates. The cortical command is associated with a task-specific, rapid proprioceptive adaptation of forces applied by hands and fingers to an object. This neural control differs between power grip movements (e.g., reach and grasp of a cup) where hand and fingers act as a unity and precision grip movements (e.g., picking up a raspberry) where fingers move independently from the hand. In motor tasks requiring hands and fingers of both sides a neural coupling (reflected in bilateral reflex responses to unilateral stimulations) coordinates power grip movements (e.g., opening a bottle). In contrast, during bilateral precision movements, such as playing piano, the fingers of both hands move independently, due to a direct cortico-motoneuronal control, while the hands are coupled (e.g., to maintain the rhythm between the two sides). While most studies on prehension concern unilateral hand movements, many activities of daily life are tackled by bilateral power grips where a neural coupling serves for an automatic movement performance. In primates this mode of motor control is supplemented by a system that enables the uni- or bilateral performance of skilled individual finger movements.

Automated summary

The dexterity of hands and fingers in primates is controlled by cortico-motoneuronal connections, leading to different neural control mechanisms for power grip and precision grip movements. Bilateral movements involve neural coupling for coordinated power grip movements, while independent finger movements are controlled by direct cortico-motoneuronal connections in skilled tasks like playing piano.