期刊
DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY
卷 81, 期 5, 页码 507-523出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22777
关键词
Alzheimer's disease; microglia; neuro-immune crosstalk; synapse; transcriptional heterogeneity
资金
- Alzheimer's Society
- Wellcome Trust
- UK Medical Research Council
- Alzheimer's Research UK (ARUK)
- MRC [UKDRI-1011] Funding Source: UKRI
Genetic data suggest that microglia play crucial roles in brain health and disease, with diverse functional roles influenced by various factors. It is important to gain a better understanding of how microglia cell states translate into brain function. Research on the heterogeneity of microglia in different brain states can lead to specific targets for biomarker and therapeutic development in microglia-neuron crosstalk.
Genetic data implicate microglia as central players in brain health and disease, urging the need to better understand what microglia do in the brain. Microglia are critical partners in neuronal wiring and function during development and disease. Emerging literature suggests that microglia have diverse functional roles, raising the intriguing question of which functions of microglia become impaired in disease to undermine proper neuronal function. It is also becoming increasingly clear that microglia exist in heterogeneous cell states. Microglial cell states appear context-dependent, that is, age, sex, location, and health of their microenvironment; these are further influenced by external signaling factors including gut microbiota and lipid metabolites. These data altogether suggest that microglia exist in functional clusters that impact, and are impacted by, surrounding neuronal microenvironment. However, we still lack understanding of how we can translate microglia cell states into function. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art on the diverse functions of microglia in relation to neuronal health. Then, we discuss heterogeneity during developing, healthy adult and diseased brains, and whether this may be predetermined by origin and/or regulated by local milieu. Finally, we propose that it is critical to gain high-resolution functional discernment into microglia-neuron interactions while preserving the spatial architecture of the tissue. Such insight will reveal specific targets for biomarker and therapeutic development toward microglia-neuron crosstalk in disease.
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