期刊
CHEMOSPHERE
卷 252, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126639
关键词
Fluoride; Fluorosis; Citric acid; Granular activated carbon; Adsorption; Fluoride removal
资金
- North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute
- NSF Grant [CMMI-0821655]
Excess fluoride (F-, >1.5 mg F-/L) in drinking water affects >260 million people across the globe and leads to dental and skeletal fluorosis. In this study, commercially available granular activated carbon (GAC) was modified with 0.3 M citric acid to get citric acid modified GAC (CAGAC). Over 70% of fluoride was removed in the first 60 min by CAGAC, whereas unmodified GAC removed only 30%. There were negligible interferences by co-existing ions (NO3-, Cl-, HCO3-, SO42-, PO43-) and organic matters. Maximum adsorption capacity of CAGAC was two times (1.65 mg/g) that of unmodified GAC (0.88 mg/g). Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm described the experimental data well indicating that ion exchange was involved in fluoride removal. CAGAC worked effectively over a wide range of pH (2-10) even though the point-of-zero-charge (PZC) was 4.89, and so the removal was not controlled by electrostatic interaction alone; surface adsorption and intra-particle diffusion were the rate-determining processes. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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