The role ofEnterococcus faecalisduring co-infection with avian pathogenicEscherichia coliin avian colibacillosis

Enterococcusspp. (ENT) are frequently co-isolated with avian pathogenicE. coli(APEC) from poultry with colibacillosis, a leading cause of flock mortality. Although largely overlooked, ENT may play an active role in these infections. To assess the frequency of ENT co-isolation in colibacillosis, cultures were collected from birds with gross lesions of omphalitis, polyserositis, and septicaemia over a 3-year period from three turkey flocks and three broiler flocks. In birds diagnosed with colibacillosis based on gross findings and isolation ofE. coli, ENT were co-isolated with APEC in 35.7% (n = 41/115) of colibacillosis mortality and 3.7% of total mortality (n = 41/1122). Co-isolated APEC and ENT pairs (n = 41) were further characterized using antimicrobial resistance phenotyping andin vitroco-culture assays.E. faecalis(EF) was the most commonly co-isolated species (68%n = 28/41) and tetracycline resistance was the resistance phenotype most commonly found among APEC (51%n = 21/41) and ENT (93%n = 38/41). Under iron-restricted conditions, EF enhanced APEC growth in a proximity-dependent manner and APEC grown in mixed culture with EF exhibited a significant growth and survival advantage (P <= 0.01). In an embryo lethality assay, APEC co-infection with EF resulted in decreased survival of broiler embryos compared to mono-infections (P <= 0.05). These data demonstrate that EF augmented APEC survival and growth under iron limiting conditions, possibly translating to the increased virulence of APEC in broiler embryos. Thus, ENT co-infections may be a previously unrecognized contributor to colibacillosis-related mortality. Further investigations into the mechanism of this interaction are warranted.