Nonchemical control of a perennial weed,Cirsium arvense, in arable cropping systems. A review

Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. is one of the most problematic perennial weeds in European countries, causing notable yield losses in both conventional and organic arable cropping systems.C.arvensecontrol is essential because its infestation spreads rapidly and has negative impacts for several years due to its biological characteristics. Herbicidal treatments are the main control methods used in conventional input-based systems, but they are not always more effective than cultural practices. However, the cultural practices currently employed in arable cropping systems are often expensive and time-consuming. To guarantee the efficiency of these control practices, knowledge ofC.arvensebiology is essential. This review synthesizes the key points from the previous literature onC.arvensebiology that can be mobilized to this end and analyzes the literature on different strategies ofC.arvensecontrol without herbicides. These strategies are (1) limitation ofC.arvensedispersal, (2) weakening of root reserves, (3) extraction of roots, (4) competition with cultivated species, and (5) physical destruction. There is also a review of reported experiences using these strategies forC.arvensecontrol, and relevant information is presented on associated biological processes to optimize the efficacy of each practice. The benefits and drawbacks of these strategies forC.arvensecontrol are also emphasized, as well as the possibility of combining them in cropping systems, even though some knowledge gaps remain. This review confirms that one individual practice, implemented in 1 year only, is not sufficient to provide satisfactory, long-term control ofC.arvense; therefore, further studies on combinations of control strategies and processes are required. There is a particular lack of knowledge about the duration of the effect ofC.arvensecontrol strategies.