Lanthanide Upconverted Luminescence for Simultaneous Contactless Optical Thermometry and Manometry-Sensing under Extreme Conditions of Pressure and Temperature

The growing interest in the miniaturization of various devices and conducting experiments under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature causes the need for the development of small, contactless, precise, and accurate optical sensors without any electrical connections. In this work, YF3:Yb3+-Er3+ upconverting microparticles are used as a bifunctional luminescence sensor for simultaneous temperature and pressure measurements. Different changes in the properties of Er3+ green and red upconverted luminescence, after excitation of Yb3+ ions in the near-infrared at similar to 975 nm, are used to calibrate pressure and/or temperature inside the hydrostatic chamber of a diamond anvil cell (DAC). For temperature sensing, changes in the relative intensities of the Er3+ green upconverted luminescence of H-2(11/2) and S-4(3/2) thermally coupled multiplets to the I-4(15/2) ground state, whose relative populations follow a Boltzmann distribution, are calibrated. For pressure sensing, the spectral shift of the Er3+ upconverted red emission peak at similar to 665 nm, between the Stark sublevels of the F-4(9/2) -> I-4(15/2) transition, is used. Experiments performed under simultaneous extreme conditions of pressure, up to similar to 8 GPa, and temperature, up to similar to 473 K, confirm the possibility of remote optical pressure and temperature sensing.