An Impact Crater Origin for the InSight Landing Site at Homestead Hollow, Mars: Implications for Near Surface Stratigraphy, Surface Processes, and Erosion Rates

The InSight mission to Mars landed within Homestead hollow on an Early Amazonian lava plain. The hollow is a 27-m-diameter, 0.3-m-deep quasi-circular depression that shares morphologic and sedimentologic characteristics to degraded impact craters. Unlike the intercrater plains outside of the hollow, the interior lacks cobbles and is dominated by loose sand, granules, and pebbles. Fresher craters near the landing site exhibit meter-scale bedforms in their ejecta and on their floors due to sediment trapping. The sedimentology of the interior fill of Homestead hollow suggests similar trapping. The hollow falls along a morphologic continuum that requires low rates of rim degradation and fill. Crater degradation rates (rim erosion plus filling) in the landing site decline nonlinearly through time from 10(-2) to 10(-4) m/Myr as craters evolve to a hollow-like form. Rim erosion rates are lower initially, at 10(-3) m/Myr, but converge with degradation rates to 10(-4) m/Myr. This implies that while filling plays an important role soon after crater formation, it is limited in later stages. Crater statistics indicate that the bulk of the fill occurred in the first similar to 50 Myr for Homestead hollow. The estimated maximum age of the hollow is similar to 400 to 700 Myr. This requires near-zero fill aggradation and long-term soil stability for the bulk of the crater's history. Fill stability manifests in Homestead hollow as a similar to 5- to 10-cm-thick duricrust, formed by exchanges of atmospheric water vapor with soil. The estimated degradation in the hollow requires similar to 2 to 3 m of sedimentary fill beneath the lander.