4.5 Article

Advances and Future Challenges of Wax Removal in Pipeline Pigging Operations on Crude Oil Transportation Systems

期刊

ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
卷 8, 期 6, 页码 -

出版社

WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/ente.201901412

关键词

deposit properties; pipeline pigging; wax breaking forces; wax removal efficiency; wax removal mechanisms

资金

  1. National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSF) [51534007]

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Wax deposition is a severe flow assurance challenge that threatens waxy crude oil production and transportation. For wax remediation, pipeline pigging is the most widely used technique. However, the elusiveness of wax removal mechanism and the lack of reliable methods to evaluate wax breaking force and wax removal efficiency easily trigger pig stalling and wax blockage in field pigging operations. Modeling wax breaking force and wax removal efficiency, therefore, promotes the pigging confidence. This Review seeks to clarify the current picture of wax removal research in crude oil pipeline pigging. Relevant wax deposit properties including wax layer thickness and strength are discussed. Wax removal mechanisms are summarized from perspectives of wax-pig interaction, macroscopic force response, and scenarios with oil flow. Prediction models of wax breaking force and wax removal efficiency are analyzed comprehensively. Pig geometry optimization using this model is given. In addition, the key roles of wax deposit strength, viscoelasticity and thixotropy, foam pig investigation, and wax plug prediction are highlighted for guiding future endeavors in this area.

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