Advances in biocultural geography of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) landscapes by merging biological and historical assays

Olive tree is a vector of cultural heritage in Mediterranean. This study explored the biocultural geography of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) from the cultivar Ogliarola campana in Campania region, Italy. Here, the rich cultural elements related to olive tree and oil represent a suitable case study for a biocultural analysis. We joined analytical techniques, based on stable isotopes and trace elements of EVOOs, with humanistic analyses, based on toponymy and historical data. In order to provide a science-based assessment of the terroir concept, we set up a new method of data analysis that inputs heterogeneous data from analytical and anthropic variables and outputs an original global evaluation score, named terroir score, as a measure of biocultural distinctiveness of the production areas. The analysis highlighted two distinct cultural sub-regions in the production area of Ogliarola campana: a continental cluster in the inner area of Irpinia and a coastal one around Salerno province. Finally, a biocultural map displays the diversity of heterogeneous variables and may support science-based decision making for territory valorisation. This novel biocultural analysis is a promising approach to substantiate the terroir concept with science-based elements and appears suitable to characterize local agri-food products with old tradition and historical data.