期刊
VIRUSES-BASEL
卷 12, 期 4, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/v12040384
关键词
ADP-ribose; macrodomain; PARPs; stress granule; ADP-ribosylation; RNA virus; alphaviruses; coronaviruses; hepatitis E virus
类别
资金
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) [P20 GM113117-01, P20 GM113117-02, AI134993-01]
Macrodomains, enzymes that remove ADP-ribose from proteins, are encoded by several families of RNA viruses and have recently been shown to counter innate immune responses to virus infection. ADP-ribose is covalently attached to target proteins by poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs), using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a substrate. This modification can have a wide variety of effects on proteins including alteration of enzyme activity, protein-protein interactions, and protein stability. Several PARPs are induced by interferon (IFN) and are known to have antiviral properties, implicating ADP-ribosylation in the host defense response and suggesting that viral macrodomains may counter this response. Recent studies have demonstrated that viral macrodomains do counter the innate immune response by interfering with PARP-mediated antiviral defenses, stress granule formation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Here, we will describe the known functions of the viral macrodomains and review recent literature demonstrating their roles in countering PARP-mediated antiviral responses.
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