Feasibility of an Enhanced Recovery Protocol for Elective Pancreatoduodenectomy: A Multicenter International Cohort Study

Background The first enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) guidelines for pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) were developed in 2012. The study aimed to assess compliance and outcomes of an ERAS protocol for PD, to study correlation between compliance and outcomes, and to identify risk factors for complications. Methods Retrospective cohort analysis is based on a prospective database, including all consecutive patients undergoing elective PD within an ERAS program in four centers: Lausanne University Hospital (Switzerland), Carolinas Medical Center (United States), Edouard Herriot Hospital (France), and University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (Germany). Patients' characteristics, postoperative outcome and ERAS compliance were assessed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess predictors of postoperative complications. Results Between October 2012 and June 2017, 404 consecutive patients underwent PD. Median length of stay was 14 days with 11.3% readmission rate. Mean overall compliance was 62%, with pre-, intra- and postoperative compliance of 93%, 80% and 30%, respectively. Overall compliance >= 70% versus < 70% was significantly associated with a reduction in complications (p = 0.029) and length of stay (p < 0.001). Avoidance of postoperative nasogastric tube (OR = 0.31,p = 0.043), mobilization on day of surgery (OR = 0.28,p = 0.043), and mobilization more than 6 h on postoperative day 2 (OR = 0.45,p = 0.001) were independent predictors of reduced overall complications. Conclusions Implementation of enhanced recovery for PD is challenging, especially in the postoperative period. Overall compliance with ERAS protocol >= 70% was associated with decreased complications and length of stay. Specific ERAS elements, such as avoidance of postoperative nasogastric tube and early mobilization, independently improved outcomes.