Frequency and location of the zygomaticofacial foramen and its clinical importance in the placement of zygomatic implants

Purpose Anatomical knowledge of the zygomatic region is important, because the zygomatic nerve and its branches may suffer lesions during surgical procedures in the periorbital region. The position and frequency of zygomaticofacial foramina (ZFF) may vary between individuals, and between one side and the other in the same individual. In the present study, we analysed the presence and location of ZFF, as well as the distance between them and the orbital cavity, in macerated skulls of adult individuals. Methods We examined 287 macerated skulls, of individuals of both sexes, analysing the frequency and location of ZFF and the distance from the ZFF to the margin of the orbital cavity (OC). Results Zygomaticofacial foramina are very frequent structures which tend to appear singly. They are generally located in the temporal process of the zygomatic bone, but in many cases, they may be located in the mid portion of the bone. They also tend to appear at the same distance from the OC when left and right sides are compared. Sex was an important factor in determining differences in ZFF; the distance from the ZFF to the margin of the OC was greater in males than in females. Sex, age, side and skin colour did not affect the frequency and location of the ZFF. Conclusion We consider that the mid portion of the zygomatic bone is the safest place to anchor zygomatic implants (ZI), since ZFF are less frequently located there than in the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.