The column density structure of Orion A depicted by N-PDF

We have conducted a large-field simultaneous survey of 12CO, 13CO and C18O J = 1 - 0 emission toward the Orion A giant molecular cloud (GMC) with a sky coverage of similar to 4.4 deg2 using the Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO)-13.7 m millimeter-wavelength telescope. We use the probability distribution function of the column density (N-PDF) to investigate the distribution of molecular hydrogen in the Orion A GMC. The H2 column density, derived from the 13CO emission, of the GMC is dominated by a log-normal distribution in the range from similar to 4 x 1021 to similar to 1.5 x 1023 cm-2 with excesses both at the low-density and high-density ends. The excess of the low-density end is possibly caused by an extended and low-temperature (similar to 10 K) component with velocities in the range of 5 - 8 km s-1. Compared with the northern sub-regions, the southern sub-regions of the Orion A GMC contain less gas with column density in NH2 > 1.25 x 1022 cm-2. The dispersions of the N-PDFs of the sub-regions are found to correlate with the evolutionary stages of the clouds across the Orion A GMC. The structure hierarchy of Orion A GMC is explored with the DENDROGRAM algorithm, and it is found that the GMC is composed of two branches. All structures except one in the tree have virial parameters less than 2, indicating self-gravity is important on the spatial scales from similar to 0.3 to similar to 4 pc. Although power-laws and departures from lognormal distributions are found at the high-density end of N-PDFs for active star-forming regions, the N-PDFs of structures in the Orion A GMC are predominantly lognormal on scales from R similar to 0.4 to 4 pc.