Sex estimation of the scapula using 3D imaging in a modern Turkish population

Sex estimation is one of the most important elements of forensic identification of unknown human individuals. The scapula is a potential source of information for sex assessment, even in cases in which it is the only item recovered in a forensic context. For this purpose, computed tomography (CT) images of 152 patients with an age range of 22-80 years were analyzed and 8 variables were manually measured on the segmented 3D scapula imaging. The results showed that all 8 variables were highly dimorphic, with rates of correct sex estimation between 74% and 92% for the direct and 96% for the stepwise discriminant function equations. The best overall estimation rate was achieved by measuring the glenoid cavity breadth (92.1% accuracy), followed by maximum scapular height and maximum length of the spine (90.1% accuracy). This study was the initial study of scapular sexual dimorphism in a Turkish population. Data obtained from this study show that the CT scan analysis of the scapula was useful for sex estimation in a modern Turkish population. Whenever there is difficulty accessing bone collections, as in countries such as Turkey, CT scans could provide useful data for sex estimation.