Anti-inflammatory effect of photodynamic therapy using guaiazulene and red lasers on peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Introduction: Photodynamic therapy improves oral mucositis treatment. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from this reaction could contribute to an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing inflammatory cells. Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of photodynamic therapy using guaiazulene and a red laser in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods: Guaiazulene solutions (1, 2, 5, 25, 35, and 100 mu M in 99.8 % methanol) were irradiated with red laser light (625 nm, 146.2 mW/cm(2)) in continuous mode at 0, 4, and 8 J/cm(2) in black 96-well plates. ROS were measured using spin trapping technique with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and fluorescence. The two highest concentrations were tested using cell viability (PresthBlue (R)) and anti-inflammation (RANTES and PGE(2) ELISA) assay kits. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn Bonferroni tests were used for statistical analyses with significant differences at p-value < 0.05. Results: Guaiazulene solutions between 2 and 5 mu M exposed to red laser light at 4 - 8 J/cm(2) generated significantly more singlet oxygen compared to the no guaiazulene group (p < 0.01) and reduced RANTES and PGE(2) levels in TNF-alpha-inflamed peripheral blood mononuclear cells without affecting cell viability. Conclusion: Photodynamic activation of guaiazulene generated singlet oxygen and suppressed inflammatory markers in PBMCs.