Subwavelength focusing of a spatio-temporal wave packet with transverse orbital angular momentum

We report the method of producing a spatio-temporal (ST) wave packet carrying pure transverse orbital angular momentum (OAM) with subwavelength spatial sizes. Due to the lack of temporal focusing, an ST wave packet focused by a high numerical aperture (NA) objective lens experiences a spatio-temporal astigmatism effect similar to the focusing action of a cylindrical lens on the transverse profile of optical field. Thus an ST vortex with a spiral phase in the ST domain focused through a high NA objective will be distorted and lose the ST characteristic spiral phase pattern. With the understanding of such an ST astigmatism, the ST wave packet can be pre-conditioned such that an ST vortex carrying OAM with subwavelength transverse sizes can be obtained after strong focusing. This is the first revelation that a tightly focused ST vortex beam with transverse OAM can be realized, paving the way for potential applications including microscopy, optical trapping, laser machining, nonlinear light-matter interactions, and so on. The ST astigmatism effect also offers insights for the focusing and propagation studies of other types of ST wave packets. (C) 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement.