4.4 Article

Optimal echo times for multi-gradient echo-based B0 field-mapping

期刊

NMR IN BIOMEDICINE
卷 33, 期 7, 页码 -

出版社

WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4316

关键词

B0 mapping; field mapping; geometric distortion; multi-gradient echo; quantitative susceptibility mapping; shimming

资金

  1. Minerva Foundation
  2. Monroy-Marks Career Development Fund

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B-0 field maps are used ubiquitously in neuroimaging, in disciplines ranging from magnetic resonance spectroscopy to temperature mapping and susceptibility-weighted imaging. Most B-0 maps are acquired using standard gradient-echo-based vendor-provided sequences, often comprised of two echoes spaced a few milliseconds apart. Herein, we analyze the optimal spacing of echo times, defined as those maximizing precision-minimizing the standard deviation-for a fixed total acquisition time. Field estimation is carried out using a weighted least squares estimator. The standard deviation is shown to be approximately inversely proportional to the total acquisition time, suggesting a law of diminishing returns, whereby substantial gains are obtained up to a certain point, with little improvement beyond that point. Validations are provided in a phantom and a group of volunteers. Multi-gradient echo sequences are readily available on all manufacturer platforms, making our recommendations straightforward to implement on any modern scanner.

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