Methamphetamine alters the TLR4 signaling pathway, NF-κB activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-challenged NR-9460 microglia-like cells

Methamphetamine (METH) is a major public health and safety problem worldwide. METH is psychostimulant that activates microglia via the toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/MD2 complex, modulating the abundant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the central nervous system (CNS). The TLR4/MD2 complex on the surface of microglia recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulting in brain tissue inflammation and neuronal damage. Since METH has been associated with microglia-induced neurotoxicity, we hypothesized that METH impairs the expression of TLR4 and activation of NF-kappa B in NR-9460 microglia-like cells after LPS challenge. We demonstrated that METH decreases the distribution and expression of TLR4 receptors on the surface of microglia-like cells after incubation with endotoxin. Moreover, METH impairs the TLR4/MD2 complex signaling pathways, compromises the activation of NF-kappa B, and reduces the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in microglia-like cells upon LPS stimulation. Interestingly, microglia-like cells treated with METH and challenged with LPS showed considerable cellular morphological changes including enlarged nuclei and ruffled surface. Our results suggest that METH may have a significant impact on microglial-induced neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, and the CNS defense against infection. It also highlights the importance of studying the effects of METH on the molecular and cellular components of users' CNS immunity. Finally, animal studies exploring the role of METH on the effectors functions of microglia after antigenic exposure are necessary to understand drug-related inflammation and neural damage in users.