Ammonium-based deep eutectic solvents as novel soil washing agent for lead removal

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a new class of biodegradable and low cost solvents analogous to ionic liquids. In this study, DESs have been used to remove lead from a landfill soil for the first time. The DESs used in this study were prepared by mixing choline chloride, a quaternary ammonium salt with different hydrogen bond donors such as fructose, sucrose, glycerol and ethylene glycol. A natural biodegradable surfactant saponin extracted from soapnut fruit pericarp, was mixed with DESs to enhance their efficiency. The 10% solution of fruit-based DESs containing fructose and sucrose demonstrated lead removal of about 31% and 25% respectively, which increased on addition of saponin. Up to 72% Pb could be removed with a combination of 40% fructose-based DES and 1% saponin or 10% fructose-based DES and 2% saponin. For synthetic DESs containing glycerol and ethylene glycol, saponin addition resulted in marked improvement of up to 54%. Mildly alkaline DESs supplied H+ acting as Lewis acid which replaced the lead cations from the organic carbon electron donors. Slightly alkaline DESs performed better when mixed with acidic saponin solution which supplied H+. This study will open up new possibilities into the application of natural compound based DESs for soil remediation. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.