In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Membrane-Active Flavone Amphiphiles: Semisynthetic Kaempferol-Derived Antimicrobials against Drug-Resistant Gram-Positive Bacteria

Because of the rapid increase in bacterial resistance, there is an urgent need for developing new antimicrobial agents to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of kaempferol derivatives as antimicrobial agents biomimicking the structural properties and biological functions of host defense peptides. After fine-tuning of hydrophobic and cationic hydrophilic moieties linked to the flavone scaffold of kaempferol, we obtained a lead compound (52) that displayed high membrane selectivity (>128), poor hemolytic activity, low cytotoxicity to mammalian cells, and excellent activity against Gram-positive bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentrations = 1.56 mu g/mL), including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Compound 52 can kill bacteria quickly by destroying the bacterial membranes and avoid developing bacterial resistance. Moreover, compound 52 exhibited potent in vivo antibacterial activity against S. aureus in a murine corneal infection model. These results indicated that compound 52 had the therapeutic potential as a novel membrane-active antimicrobial to combat Gram-positive bacterial infections.