期刊
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
卷 389, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122083
关键词
Emerging contaminant; Ice-covered river; Freeze-thaw process; Temporal variation; Pseudo-ice and water distribution coefficient
资金
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21876060]
- Scientific Research Project of Environmental Protection Bureau of Jilin Province [2017-15]
- 13th Five-Year Science and Technology Program of Education Department of Jilin Province [JJKH20190124KJ]
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk of 21 pharmaceuticals in the Jilin Songhua River were investigated during its freeze-thaw periods, including ice formation, sealed, and breakup. Florfenicol was the most abundant pharmaceutical, with mean concentrations of 123.4 +/- 61.1 ng L-1 in water and 73.8 +/- 66.3 ng kg(-1) in ice. Sulfadiazine occurred at a higher mean concentration in downstream areas (45.6 +/- 7.4 ng L-1) than in upstream areas (0.7 +/- 0.7 ng L-1). Most pharmaceuticals appeared in relatively high concentrations in water during the ice-breakup period. Complex factors including pharmaceutical usage patterns, ice-regulated photodegradation, biodegradation, water flow, and freeze-concentration effects, as well as the release of pharmaceuticals from ice, were responsible for the temporal variation of pharmaceuticals. Pseudo-ice/water distribution coefficients showed the distribution of pharmaceuticals in ice and demonstrated the effects of their release from the ice on their temporal variations. Most pharmaceuticals posed a risk to algae; of these, amoxicillin exhibited the highest risk. In addition, thawing increased the concentration of thiamphenicol in water, which elevated its ecological risk level. The findings suggest that the pharmaceuticals retained in ice should be considered with regard to regulating pharmaceuticals' temporal variations in seasonal ice-covered rivers during the freeze-thaw process.
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