Formation, flow and break-up of ephemeral ice melange at LeConte Glacier and Bay, Alaska

Ice melange has been postulated to impact glacier and fjord dynamics through a variety of mechanical and thermodynamic couplings. However, observations of these interactions are very limited. Here, we report on glaciological and oceanographic data that were collected from 2016 to 2017 at LeConte Glacier and Bay, Alaska, and serendipitously captured the formation, flow and break-up of ephemeral ice melange. Sea ice formed overnight in mid-February. Over the subsequent week, the sea ice and icebergs were compacted by the advancing glacier terminus, after which the ice melange flowed quasi-statically. The presence of ice melange coincided with the lowest glacier velocities and frontal ablation rates in our record. In early April, increasing glacier runoff and the formation of a sub-ice-melange plume began to melt and pull apart the ice melange. The plume, outgoing tides and large calving events contributed to its break-up, which took place over a week and occurred in pulses. Unlike observations from elsewhere, the loss of ice melange integrity did not coincide with the onset of seasonal glacier retreat. Our observations provide a challenge to ice melange models aimed at quantifying the mechanical and thermodynamic couplings between ice melange, glaciers and fjords.