Early parental death and psychosocial risk factors for dementia: A case-control study in Europe

Objectives To assess the association between early parental death and the risk of dementia in adult life and to examine the risk factors associated with early parental death in people with and without dementia. Methods/design A population-based case-control study of a sample of 65 997 participants from theSurvey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europestudy. Early parental death was operationalized as parental death at the age of <= 16 years. Main analyses were conducted using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results The odds ratio (OR) for dementia in individuals who experienced early parental death (father or mother) at the age of <= 16 years was 1.83 (95%CI 1.61-2.09) and 1.54 (95%CI 1.35-1.76) adjusted for age, gender and education. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis carried out with the whole sample, early parental death increased the risk of dementia (OR = 1.50, 95%CI 1.31-1.72), along with older age (OR = 5.92, 95%CI 4.86-7.17), neuroticism (OR = 2.94, 95%CI 2.61-3.31), low education level (OR = 1.84, 95%CI 1.64-2.05) and low income (OR = 1.49, 95%CI 1.34-1.67). Discussion Early parental death (<= 16 years) was associated with an increased risk of dementia. We discuss the neurobiological markers associated with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and dementia as well as interventions to counteract the negative health effects on adults.