Weddell Sea Phytoplankton Blooms Modulated by Sea Ice Variability and Polynya Formation

Seasonal sea ice retreat is known to stimulate Southern Ocean phytoplankton blooms, but depth-resolved observations of their evolution are scarce. Autonomous float measurements collected from 2015-2019 in the eastern Weddell Sea show that spring bloom initiation is closely linked to sea ice retreat timing. The appearance and persistence of a rare open-ocean polynya over the Maud Rise seamount in 2017 led to an early bloom and high annual net community production. Widespread early ice retreat north of Maud Rise in 2017, however, had a similar effect, suggesting that the polynya most impacted the timing of bloom initiation. Still, higher productivity rates at Maud Rise relative to the surrounding region are observed in all years, likely supported by flow-topography interactions. The longer growing season in 2017-2018 also allowed for separation of distinct spring and fall bloom signals, the latter of which was primarily subsurface and associated with mixed-layer deepening.