期刊
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
卷 54, 期 11, 页码 6957-6967出版社
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00961
关键词
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资金
- Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) [ER2424]
- Air Force Civil Engineering Center (AFCEC) [BAA-031]
- NSF GRFP [DGE-1746047]
- Support for Under-Represented Groups in Engineering (SURGE) Fellowship Program (UIUC)
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Distinguished Fellowship (UIUC)
Ultraviolet photochemical reaction of sulfite (SO32-) photosensitizer generates strongly reducing hydrated electrons (e(aq)(-); NHE = -2.9 V) that have been shown to effectively degrade individual per- and polyfluoroallcyl substances (PFASs), including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). However, treatment of complex PFAS mixtures in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) remains largely unknown. Here, UV-sulfite was applied to a diluted AFFF to characterize e(aq)(-) reactions with 15 PFASs identified by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) targeted analysis. Results show that reactivity varies widely among PFASs, but reaction rates observed for individual PFASs in AFFF are similar to rates observed in single-solute experiments. While some structures, including long-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were readily degraded, other structures, most notably short-chain PFSAs and fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (FTSs), were more recalcitrant. This finding is consistent with results showing incomplete fluoride ion release (up to 53% of the F content in AFFF) during reactions. Furthermore, results show that selected PFSAs, PFCAs, and FTSs can form as transient intermediates or unreactive end-products via e(aq)(-) reactions with precursor structures in AFFF. These results indicate that while UV-sulfite treatment can be effective for treating PFOS and PFOA to meet health advisory levels, remediation of the wider range of PFASs in AFFF will prove more challenging.
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