Friction experiments under in-situ stress reveal unexpected velocity-weakening in Nankai accretionary prism samples

The Nankai Trough hosts diverse fault slip modes, ranging from slow slip events to megathrust earthquake ruptures. We performed laboratory friction experiments on samples collected by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program offshore Kii Peninsula, Japan. This study systematically investigates the effect of effective normal stress on frictional strength and the velocity-dependence of friction for natural fault zone and wall rock samples collected from depths of 270 to similar to 450 meters below seafloor (mbsf), and over a range of shearing velocity spanning from 0.01-30 mu m/s. In addition, cohesive strength was determined before and after each velocity step experiment while the sample was unloaded. We tested both powdered and intact specimens at estimated in-situ effective stresses, as well as at higher stresses representing deeper portions of the megasplay fault (Sites C0004, C0010) and the frontal thrust zone (Sites C0007, C0006). The apparent coefficient of sliding friction mu(s) varies between 0.22-0.53 and correlates inversely with clay content. Direct measurements of cohesive strength show that on average 11% of the residual shear strength, and up to similar to 30% for some specimens, can be attributed to cohesion. Friction coefficient slightly decreases as a function of increasing effective normal stress, attributed to a decreasing proportion of cohesive strength. The lowest mu(s) values are observed for samples from the frontal thrust zone Site C0007 and the megasplay fault Site C0010. All samples show a combination of velocity-strengthening and velocity-weakening behavior, but intact samples tested under in-situ effective normal stress and low shearing velocities (