Nestedness and turnover unveil inverse spatial patterns of compositional and functional β-diversity at varying depth in marine benthos

Aim The two additive components of beta-diversity, namely turnover and nestedness, reflect the two basic mechanisms underlying the overall change in species identities across the landscape, the replacement of species or their loss, respectively. Analogously, functional turnover and nestedness express the replacement or loss of functional traits associated with variations in community composition. However, the extent to which patterns of compositional and functional nestedness and turnover may overlap, or diverge, is still uncertain in marine environments. Here, patterns of turnover and nestedness were quantified in marine benthic assemblages in order to assess their relative contribution to spatial patterns of compositional and functional -diversity. Location Mediterranean Sea, NE Ionian Sea, Ionian Archipelago. Methods In this study, we investigated patterns of dissimilarity in species and functional trait composition in subtidal macrobenthic assemblages from Mediterranean islands in order to quantify compositional and functional beta-diversity among islands, determine the relative contributions of turnover and nestedness, and compare beta-diversity patterns occurring in shallow and deeper reefs. Results We found a complex relationship between functional and compositional beta-diversity at varying depth. At 5 m, species and functional trait dissimilarity largely overlapped, with turnover being the dominant component in both cases. At 15 m, compositional beta-diversity was mostly due to turnover, with a negligible contribution of nestedness, whereas the opposite occurred for functional beta-diversity. Partitioning beta-diversity components revealed this discrepancy and the presence of functional hotspots, which would remain unnoticed analysing the overall compositional and functional beta-diversity. Main conclusions Our findings may have profound implications for the optimization of conservation planning, stressing the need for assessing habitat-dependent idiosyncrasies in components of functional and compositional beta-diversity for a more comprehensive picture of possible protection scenarios that, besides structure, may also allow preserving the functioning of marine communities.