Imaging calcium and redox signals using genetically encoded fluorescent indicators

Calcium and redox signals are presently established as essential regulators of many cellular processes. Nevertheless, we are still far from fully understanding the physiological and pathological importance of these universal second messengers. It is becoming increasingly apparent that many cellular functions are not regulated by global changes in the abundance of Ca2+ ions and/or reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), but by the formation of transient local micro-domains or by signaling limited to a particular cellular compartment. Therefore, it is essential to identify and quantify Ca2+ and redox signals in single cells with a high spatial and temporal resolution. The best tools for this purpose are the genetically encoded fluorescent indicators (GEFI). These protein sensors can be targeted into different cellular compartments, feature different colors, can be used to establish transgenic animal models, and are relatively inert to the cellular environment. Based on the chemical properties of Ca2+ and ROS/RNS, currently more sensors exist for the detection of Ca2+- than for redox signals. Here, we shortly describe the most popular genetically encoded fluorescent Ca2+ and redox indicators, discuss advantages and disadvantages based on our experience, show examples of different applications, and thus provide a brief guide that will help scientists choose the right combination of Ca2+ and redox sensors to answer specific scientific questions. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.