Catalytic and Atom-Economic Glycosylation using Glycosyl Formates and Cheap Metal Salts

Benzylated glycosyl formates have been synthesized in one step from the corresponding hemiacetal or orthoester with formic acid as the sole reagent. The glycosyl formates are used as glycosyl donors under catalytic conditions with cheap metal catalysts based on iron or bismuth. A C-13 NMR spectroscopic method is developed and evaluated for screening reactions conditions, giving precise information on the selectivity, yield, and byproducts formed. The major side reaction is transesterification, which gives the formylated acceptor and regenerates the hemiacetal. By using this approach, catalyst loadings and solvents are optimized and the scope of the glycosylation is evaluated for a variety of glycosyl donors and acceptors. A proof of concept for a traceless glycosylation, utilizing a dual-purpose iron catalyst that catalyzes both glycosylation and dehydrogenation of formic acid, is also provided.