Ambient PM2.(5) and PM10 bound PAHs in Islamabad, Pakistan: Concentration, source and health risk assessment

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient particulate matter contribute considerably to human health risk. Simultaneous sampling of ambient PM2.5/PM10 was done to analyze the Sigma 16PAH across the four seasons of 2017 in Islamabad, Pakistan. The average Sigma 16PAH concentrations in PM2.5 and PM10 were 25.69 and 40.69 ng m(-3), respectively. For both PM2.5 and PM10, the highest PAHs concentration was in winter (45.14, 67.10 ng m(-3)), while the lowest was in summer (16.40, 28.18 ng m(-3)). Source appointment indicated that vehicular exhaust, i.e., diesel, gasoline and alternatively fuel liquid natural gas (LNG), and compressed natural gas (CNG) combustion was the primary PAHs contributor, whereas biomass burning and fuel combustion (coal, biomass, wood, CNG) from stationary sources were another important sources. Health risk assessment showed that the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values of PAHs were higher than the acceptable level in all four seasons. LCR values were the highest in winter (9.23 x 10(-4) for PAHs in PM2.5 and 13.98 x 10(-4) for PAHs in PM10) which were 9 and 13 times higher than tolerable cancer risk level respectively, and they were 2-3 times higher than the acceptable values in other seasons. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.