Manganese-doped, hydrothermally-derived ceria: The occurrence of birnessite and the distribution of manganese

Ceria doped with manganese in various amounts was prepared via hydrothermal synthesis. XRD revealed that beside ceria, monoclinic birnessite (Na0.55Mn2O4 x 1.5H(2)O) appears in the samples. The occurrence of birnessite was achieved using different synthesis conditions and precursors. SEM imaging revealed birnessite layered formations surrounded with ceria nanoparticles, while EDS confirmed the presence of both phases. Weight percentage, lattice constants and crystallite size of ceria, as well as birnessite, were obtained through whole powder pattern decomposition. Pure and Mn doped ceria samples with crystallite sizes between 3.1 and 3.4 nm, and specific surface area values between 183 and 212 m(2)g(-1) were obtained. It was established that the amount of Mn entering the ceria lattice or forming birnessite varies with nominal composition. Introduction of Mn in ceria is evident from the decrease of ceria lattice constant (from 5.4185 angstrom to 5.4002 angstrom). The entrance of manganese in the ceria crystal lattice was confirmed via EDS spectroscopy. Thermally induced changes were monitored via DTA/TGA, XRD and FTIR. Birnessite decomposes below 200 degrees C, while thermal treatment at 500 degrees C for 2 h yields Na2Mn5O10. Weight percentage of birnessite was confirmed through calculations based on the loss of interlayer water during TGA analysis. HRTEM revealed nanorod morphology of Na2Mn5O10, while EELS gave insight into the composition of this phase.