Congenital Conditions of Hypophosphatemia in Children

Great strides over the past few decades have increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of hypophosphatemic disorders. Phosphate is critically important to a variety of physiologic processes, including skeletal growth, development and mineralization, as well as DNA, RNA, phospholipids, and signaling pathways. Consequently, hypophosphatemic disorders have effects on multiple systems, and may cause a variety of nonspecific signs and symptoms. The acute effects of hypophosphatemia include neuromuscular symptoms and compromise. However, the dominant effects of chronic hypophosphatemia are the effects on musculoskeletal function including rickets, osteomalacia and impaired growth during childhood. While the most common causes of chronic hypophosphatemia in children are congenital, some acquired conditions also result in hypophosphatemia during childhood through a variety of mechanisms. Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of these congenital conditions has led to novel therapeutic approaches. This article will review the pathophysiologic causes of congenital hypophosphatemia, their clinical consequences and medical therapy.

Automated summary

Great progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of hypophosphatemic disorders in recent decades. Phosphate plays a critical role in various physiological processes and its deficiency can have significant effects on multiple systems in the body. Chronic hypophosphatemia mainly affects musculoskeletal function, leading to conditions like rickets, osteomalacia, and impaired growth in children. While congenital factors are the most common cause of chronic hypophosphatemia in children, acquired conditions can also contribute to hypophosphatemia during childhood.