Biosynthesis of the Maresin Intermediate, 13S,14S-Epoxy-DHA, by Human 15-Lipoxygenase and 12-Lipoxygenase and Its Regulation through Negative Allosteric Modulators

Human reticulocyte 15-lipoxygenase-1 (h15-LOX-1 or ALOX15) and platelet 12-lipoxygenase (h12-LOX or ALOX12) catalysis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the maresin precursor, 14S-hydroperoxy-4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid (14S-HpDHA), were investigated to determine their product profiles and relative rates in the biosynthesis of the key maresin intermediate, 13S,14S-epoxy-4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid (13S,14S-epoxy-DHA). Both enzymes converted DHA to 14S-HpDHA, with h12-LOX having a 39-fold greater k(cat)/K-M value (14.0 +/- 0.8 s(-1) mu M-1) than that of h15-LOX-1 (0.36 +/- 0.08 s(-1) mu M-1) and a 1.8-fold greater 14S-HpDHA product selectivity, 81 and 46%, respectively. However, h12-LOX was markedly less effective at producing 13S,14S-epoxy-DHA from 14S-HpDHA than h15-LOX-1, with a 4.6-fold smaller k(cat)/K-M value, 0.0024 +/- 0.0002 and 0.11 +/- 0.006 s(-1) mu M-1, respectively. This is the first evidence of h15-LOX-1 to catalyze this reaction and reveals a novel in vitro pathway for maresin biosynthesis. In addition, epoxidation of 14S-HpDHA is negatively regulated through allosteric oxylipin binding to h15-LOX-1 and h12-LOX. For h15-LOX-1, 14S-HpDHA (K-d = 6.0 mu M), 12S-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12S-HETE) (K-d = 3.5 mu M), and 14S-hydroxy-7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid (14S-HDPA(omega-3)) (K-d = 4.0 mu M) were shown to decrease 13S,14S-epoxy-DHA production. h12-LOX was also shown to be allosterically regulated by 14S-HpDHA (K-d = 3.5 mu M) and 14S-HDPA(omega-3) (K-d = 4.0 mu M); however, 12S-HETE showed no effect, indicating for the first time an allosteric response by h12-LOX. Finally, 14S-HpDHA inhibited platelet aggregation at a submicrololar concentration, which may have implications in the benefits of diets rich in DHA. These in vitro biosynthetic pathways may help guide in vivo maresin biosynthetic investigations and possibly direct therapeutic interventions.