Prognostic value of heart rate reserve is additive to coronary flow velocity reserve during dipyridamole stress echocardiography

Background. - During dipyridamole stress echocardiography (SE), a blunted heart rate reserve (HRR) is a prognostically unfavourable sign of cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Aim. - To assess the prognostic meaning of HRR and coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR). Methods. - The study group comprised 2149 patients (1236 men; mean age 66 +/- 12 years) with suspected (n=1280) or known (n=869) coronary artery disease and without inducible regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) during dipyridamole SE (0.84 mg/kg in 6 min). We assessed CFVR of the left anterior descending artery with pulsed-wave Doppler as the ratio between hyperaemic peak and basal peak diastolic flow velocities (abnormal value <= 2.0). HRR was calculated as the peak/resting ratio of heart rate from a 12-lead electrocardiogram (abnormal value <= 1.22). All patients were followed up. Results. - CFVR and HRR were abnormal in 520 (24%) and 670 (31%) patients, respectively. There was a positive linear correlation between CFVR and HRR (r = 0.30; P < 0.0001). During a median follow-up of 22 months (1st quartile 12 months, 3rd quartile 35 months), 75 (6%) patients died. The annual mortality was 1.6% in the overall population, 0.5% in the 1224 (57%) patients with normal CFVR and HRR, 1.7% in the 405 (19%) patients with abnormal HRR only, 3.6% in the 255 (12%) patients with abnormal CFVR only, and 6.2% in the 265 (12%) patients with abnormal CFVR and HRR. Conclusions. - HRR is weakly related to CFVR, and a blunted HRR usefully complements RWMA and CFVR for prediction of outcome with dipyridamole SE. The patient without inducible RWMA is still at intermediate risk, but the risk is low with concomitant preserved CFVR, and very low with concomitant normal HRR. (C) 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.