Dietary methionine spares the requirement for taurine in juvenile Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi)

Taurine, a beta-sulphonic amino acid, is a growth and health promoting dietary supplement in commercial finfish aquaculture. Reported recommendations for taurine supplementation in Seriola spp. feeds broadly range from 2.6 to 10.2 g kg(-1) diet. Methionine is an essential amino acid and substrate for various metabolic compounds and acts as a methyl and sulfur donor, potentially sparing taurine. Dietary methionine requirements are currently unknown for Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi); however, recommendations for the closely related Japanese Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) indicate that 11.1 g kg(-1) diet is adequate. The taurine requirement and sparing effect of methionine of juvenile Yellowtail Kingfish was quantified by conducting a feeding experiment and applying a factorial, orthogonal dose-response design. Fourteen isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were prepared using practical raw ingredients with either one of two levels of methionine (10.9 +/- 0.2 g kg(-1) or 17.2 +/- 0.6 g kg(-1)) and either one of seven levels of taurine, increasing from 1.6 to 20.4 g kg(-1), respectively. Triplicate groups of 14 fish (53.3 +/- 0.4 g fish(-1)) were fed one of the 14 diets over seven weeks. Based on growth and feeding results, juvenile Yellowtail Kingfish do not require dietary taurine supplementations when the basal taurine diets content is at least 1.6 g taurine kg(-1) at a dietary methionine content of 17.2 +/- 0.6 g kg(-1) diet. This demonstrates that dietary methionine has a sparing effect on taurine supplementation. Yellowtail Kingfish fed dietary methionine exceeding the current minimum industry standard (-11.1 g kg(-1)), grew more rapidly than those fed high dietary taurine contents at dietary methionine levels approximating that of current industry practice, indicating the indispensability of adequate methionine supply. Breakpoint analysis on the specific growth rate in Yellowtail Kingfish fed a methionine level of current industry practice, estimated a digestible taurine requirement of 1.98 g kgBW(-1) d(-1) at an average digestible methionine intake of 3.4 g kgBW(-1) d(-1) This equates to a dietary taurine content of 7.7 g kg(-1) diet at a dietary methionine content of 10.9 g kg(-1) diet. Our results indicate that in juvenile Yellowtail Kingfish: adequate dietary methionine spares dietary taurine supplementation; insufficient dietary methionine provokes a taurine requirement; and current industry specifications for dietary methionine for Yellowtail Kingfish aquafeed require reassessment.