Guanidinium-Assisted Surface Matrix Engineering for Highly Efficient Perovskite Quantum Dot Photovoltaics

Metal halide perovskite quantum dots (Pe-QDs) are of great interest in new-generation photovoltaics (PVs). However, it remains challenging in the construction of conductive and intact Pe-QD films to maximize their functionality. Herein, a ligand-assisted surface matrix strategy to engineer the surface and packing states of Pe-QD solids is demonstrated by a mild thermal annealing treatment after ligand exchange processing (referred to as LE-TA) triggered by guanidinium thiocyanate. The LE-TA method induces the formation of surface matrix on CsPbI3 QDs, which is dominated by the cationic guanidinium (GA(+)) rather than the SCN-, maintaining the intact cubic structure and facilitating interparticle electrical interaction of QD solids. Consequently, the GA-matrix-confined CsPbI3 QDs exhibit remarkably enhanced charge mobility and carrier diffusion length compared to control ones, leading to a champion power conversion efficiency of 15.21% when assembled in PVs, which is one of the highest among all Pe-QD solar cells. Additionally, the LE-TA method shows similar effects when applied to other Pe-QD PV systems like CsPbBr3 and FAPbI(3) (FA = formamidinium), indicating its versatility in regulating the surfaces of various Pe-QDs. This work may afford new guidelines to construct electrically conductive and structurally intact Pe-QD solids for efficient optoelectronic devices.