Reporting trigger factors for (hypo)manic episodes in bipolar disorder: association with personality and prognosis

Objective To investigate external factors that trigger manic and hypomanic relapses and how this is associated with personality and clinical outcome measured as number of affective episodes over a 7-year period. Method This is a prospective cohort study of 204 meticulously characterized Swedish bipolar disorder patients. Personality was evaluated at baseline using the Swedish universities Scales of Personality in 170 patients, and 90 patients were followed up after approximately 7 years in order to evaluate clinical outcomes. Results We found that 44% of the patients reported trigger factors, including sleep disturbance, work- or family-related issues, medication, and illicit drug use. There were no significant differences in any of the personality traits when comparing the 74 patients that reported triggers with the 90 patients that did not. At 7-year follow-up, there was no difference between the groups in number of affective episodes (depressive, hypomanic, manic, or mixed), involuntary commitments, suicide attempts, or self-harm incidents since baseline. Conclusions Around 40% of the patients reported external triggers for manic and hypomanic episodes. However, this was neither associated with personality traits nor number of affective episodes at 7-year follow-up.