Recent progresses and challenges in graphene based nano materials for advanced therapeutical applications: a comprehensive review

The peculiar features of graphene like excellent physicochemical, electrical, large surface area and biocompatibility are revealing through the past decade, leading to continuous research on the use of graphene nanomaterial in various clinical applications and regenerative medicine. In this review, we highlighted the recent applications and challenges of graphene and its derivatives in stem cell proliferation, bone tissue engineering, neuronal proliferation and in biosensors. Graphene or graphene oxide has shown interesting results in angiogenesis, neuronal regeneration and immunomodulation in various in vitro and in vivo studies. Graphene based materials have a potential to be emerging as next generation nanomaterials. We discussed about the conventional procedures and related challenges in synthesis of graphene oxide. This review aims in summarizing the recent progresses of various graphene based nanomaterials and their hybrids in biomedical applications. Graphene as two dimensional, three dimensional and hybrids are attracting interest in biosensing and bioimaging. However, besides the fascinating properties of graphene, its biocompatibility and biodegradability related toxicities are still a question to researchers. Graphene nanomaterials use in various tissue scaffolds should be taken as an active area of interest by the researchers in near future. This review also enlisted the recent advancements of graphene as anticancer therapy and targeted drug delivery system. We hope the summary of this review inspires the researchers to conduct more studies on graphene based applications and its possible toxicities in humans, so that it can be implemented as cost effective and safe treatment to many pathological conditions.