Thermal reduction of graphene oxide mixed with hard carbon and their high performance as lithium ion battery anode

Graphene oxide in hard carbon/graphene composite is reduced by thermal treatment in inert atmosphere at a temperature in the range of 800-1100 degrees C. In this way, hard carbon/graphene composites with different effect of reduction on graphene oxide are obtained. Increasing heat treat temperature improves the reduction of graphene oxide (C/O atomic ratio in the range of 44-104) and diminishes the specific surface area and pore volume slightly. Furthermore, these materials behave as high-performance lithium ion battery electrodes and exhibit large reversible capacity (in the range of 300-480 mAh g(-1)) at current density of 20 mA g(-1), and superb stability over long-term cycling (78-82% of initial specific capacity after 500 cycles). Superior results are obtained with the electrode fabricated from the material treated at 1000 degrees C, which delivers 480 mAh g(-1) and 170 mAh g(-1) at current density of 20 and 2000 mA g(-1), respectively. In addition, interesting results are obtained that electrodes prepared by two types of copper foils display a significant difference on galvanostatic charge/discharge capacity. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.