Method to reinforce polylactic acid with cellulose nanofibers via a polyhydroxybutyrate carrier system

The elastic moduli of PLA reinforced with 5 and 10 wt.% CNF with the carrier, at a frequency (co) of 0.07, were 67% and 415% higher, respectively, than that of neat PLA. The shear viscosity at a shear rate of 0.01 (eta(0.01)) for PLA + 10 wt.% CNF was 32% higher than that of the neat PLA matrix. The eta(0.01) of PLA reinforced with 5 wt.% CNF and the PHB carrier was similar to neat PLA. The tensile and flexural moduli of elasticity of the nanocomposites continuously increased with increased CNF loading. The results of the mechanical property measurements are in accordance with the rheological data. The CNF appeared to be better dispersed (less-aggregated nanofibers) in the PLA reinforced with 5 wt.% CNF and the PHB carrier. Possible applications for the composites studied in this research are packaging materials, construction materials, and auto parts for interior applications. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.