期刊
WATER
卷 12, 期 1, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/w12010033
关键词
ceramic membranes; contaminants of emerging concern; cost analysis; hybrid membrane processes; microfiltration; pharmaceutical compounds; water reclamation
资金
- FP7 Environment [265122]
This paper addresses the enhanced removal of pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs), a family of contaminants of emerging concern, and effluent organic matter (EfOM) in water reclamation by powdered activated carbon/coagulation/ceramic microfiltration (PAC/cMF). Four chemically diverse PhCs are targeted: ibuprofen (IBP), carbamazepine (CBZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and atenolol (ATN). Pilot assays (100 L/(m(2) h), 10 mg Fe/L) run with PhC-spiked sand-filtered secondary effluent and 15 mg/L PAC dosed in-line or to a 15-min contactor. They showed no PAC-driven membrane fouling and +15 to +18% added removal with PAC contactor, reaching significant removals of CBZ and ATN (59%-60%), SMX (50%), colour (48%), A254 (35%) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 28%). Earlier long-term demo tests with the same pilot proved PAC/cMF to consistently produce highly clarified (monthly median < 0.1 NTU) and bacteria-free water, regardless of the severe variations in its intake. A detailed cost analysis points to total production costs of 0.21 Euro/m(3) for 50,000 m(3)/day and 20 years membrane lifespan, mainly associated to equipment/membranes replacement, capital and reagents.
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