Electret formation in transition metal oxides by electrochemical amorphization

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are an important class of materials that show a wide range of functionalities involving spin, charge, and lattice degrees of freedom. The strong correlation between electrons in d-orbitals and the multivalence nature give rise to a variety of exotic electronic states ranging from insulator to superconductor and cause intriguing phase competition phenomena. Despite a burst of research on the multifarious functionalities in TMOs, little attention has been paid to the formation and integration of an electret a type of quasi-permanent electric field generator useful for nanoscale functional devices as an electric counterpart to permanent magnets. Here, we find that an electret can be created in LaMnO3 thin films by tip-induced electric fields, with a considerable surface height change, via solid-state electrochemical amorphization. The surface charge density of the formed electret area reaches similar to 400 nC cm(-2) and persists without significant charge reduction for more than a year. The temporal evolution of the surface height, charge density, and electric potential are systematically examined by scanning probe microscopy. The underlying mechanism is theoretically analyzed based on a drift-diffusion-reaction model, suggesting that positively charged particles, which are likely protons produced by the dissociation of water, play crucial roles as trapped charges and a catalysis to trigger amorphization. Our finding opens a new horizon for multifunctional TMOs.