Licensed Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) formulations differ markedly in bacterial viability, RNA content and innate immune activation

Background: Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the live attenuated tuberculosis vaccine, is manufactured under different conditions across the globe generating formulations that may differ in clinical efficacy. Innate immune recognition of live BCG contributes to immunogenicity suggesting that differences in BCG viability may contribute to divergent activity of licensed formulations. Methods: We compared BCG-Denmark (DEN), -Japan (JPN), -India (IND), -Bulgaria (BUL) and -USA in vitro with respect to a) viability as measured by colony-forming units (CFU), mycobacterial membrane integrity, and RNA content, and b) cytokine/chemokine production in newborn cord and adult peripheral blood. Results: Upon culture, relative growth was BCG-USA > JPN >> DEN > BUL = IND. BCG-IND and -BUL demonstrated >1000-fold lower growth than BCG JPN in 7H9 medium and >10-fold lower growth in commercial Middlebrook 7H11 medium. BCG-IND demonstrated significantly decreased membrane integrity, lower RNA content, and weaker IFN-gamma inducing activity in whole blood compared to other BCGs. BCG-induced whole blood cytokines differed significantly by age, vaccine formulation and concentration. BCG-induced cytokine production correlated with CFU, suggesting that mycobacterial viability may contribute to BCG-induced immune responses. Conclusions: Licensed BCG vaccines differ markedly in their content of viable mycobacteria possibly contributing to formulation-dependent activation of innate and adaptive immunity and distinct protective effects. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.