What to expect from the price of healthy and unhealthy foods over time? The case from Brazil

Objective: To measure change in price of food groups over time (1995-2030) in Brazil, considering the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines' recommendations. Design: Data from the Household Budget Survey (2008-2009 HBS) and the National System of Consumer Price Indexes (NSCPI) were used to create a data set containing monthly prices for the foods and beverages most consumed in the country (n 102), from January 1995 to December 2017. Data on price of foods and beverages from 2008-2009 HBS (referring to January 2009) were used to calculate real price over time using the monthly variation in prices from NSCPI. All prices were deflated to December 2017. Foods and beverages were classified following the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines' recommendations. The monthly price for each food group and subgroup was used to analyse changes in prices from 1995 to 2017 and to forecast prices up to 2030 using fractional polynomial models. Setting: Brazil. Participants: National estimates of foods and beverages purchased for Brazil. Results: In 1995, ultra-processed foods were the most expensive group (R$ 6 center dot 51/kg), followed by processed foods (R$ 6 center dot 44/kg), then unprocessed or minimally processed foods and culinary ingredients (R$ 3 center dot 45/kg). Since the early 2000s, the price of ultra-processed foods underwent successive reductions, becoming cheaper than processed foods and reducing the distance between it and the price of the other group. Forecasts indicate that unhealthy foods will become cheaper than healthy foods in 2026. Conclusions: Food prices in Brazil have changed unfavourably considering the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines' recommendations. This may imply a decrease in the quality of the population's diet.