Sparse deep feature learning for facial expression recognition

While weight sparseness-based regularization has been used to learn better deep features for image recognition problems, it introduced a large number of variables for optimization and can easily converge to a local optimum. The L2-norm regularization proposed for face recognition reduces the impact of the noisy information, while expression information is also suppressed during the regularization. A feature sparseness-based regularization that learns deep features with better generalization capability is proposed in this paper. The regularization is integrated into the loss function and optimized with a deep metric learning framework. Through a toy example, it is showed that a simple network with the proposed sparseness outperforms the one with the L2-norm regularization. Furthermore, the proposed approach achieved competitive performances on four publicly available datasets, i.e., FER2013, CK+, Oulu-CASIA and MMI. The state-of-the-art cross-database performances also justify the generalization capability of the proposed approach. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.