Climates of the last three interglacials in subtropical eastern Australia inferred from wetland sediment geochemistry

Records of Australian climate during Marine Isotope Stages 5 and 7 (130-71 and 243-191 ka) are rare, preventing detailed assessments of long-term climate, drivers and ecological responses across the continent over glacial-interglacial timescales. This study presents a geochemistry-based palaeoclimate record from Fern Gully Lagoon on North Stradbroke Island (also known as Minjerribah) in subtropical eastern Australia, which records climates in MIS 7a-c, MIS 5 and much of the Holocene, in addition to MIS 4 (71-57 ka), and parts of MIS 6, MIS 3 and MIS 2 (191-130, 57-29 and 29-14 ka). Indicators of inorganic sedimentation from a 9.5 m sediment core - focussed on high-resolution estimates of sediment geochemistry supported by x-radiography, inorganic content and magnetic susceptibility - were combined with a chronology consisting of six radiocarbon (C-14) and thirteen single-grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages. Hiatuses occurred at similar to 178-153 ka, similar to 36-21 ka and similar to 7-2 ka and likely result from the wetland drying. Low values of locally sourced aeolian materials indicate a wet MIS 7a-c and early MIS 6 before a relatively dry MIS 5. Inorganic flux during the Holocene was up to four times greater than during MIS 5, consistent with long-term interglacial drying observed in other regions, most notably in central Australia. This study highlights the importance of employing a combination of multiple dating approaches and calibrated geochemical proxies to derive climate reconstructions and to identify depositional complexities in organic-rich wetland records.