Single-molecule tautomerization tracking through space- and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy

Tautomerization, the interconversion between two constitutional molecular isomers, is ubiquitous in nature(1), plays a major role in chemistry(2) and is perceived as an ideal switch function for emerging molecular-scale devices(3). Within free-base porphyrin(4), porphycene(5) or phthalocyanine(6), this process involves the concerted or sequential hopping of the two inner hydrogen atoms between equivalent nitrogen sites of the molecular cavity. Electronic and vibronic changes(6) that result from this NH tautomerization, as well as details of the switching mechanism, were extensively studied with optical spectroscopies, even with single-molecule sensitivity(7). The influence of atomic-scale variations of the molecular environment and submolecular spatial resolution of the tautomerization could only be investigated using scanning probe microscopes(3,8-11), at the expense of detailed information provided by optical spectroscopies. Here, we combine these two approaches, scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and fluorescence spectroscopy(12-15), to study the tautomerization within individual free-base phthalocyanine (H2Pc) molecules deposited on a NaCl-covered Ag(111) single-crystal surface. STM-induced fluorescence (STM-F) spectra exhibit duplicate features that we assign to the emission of the two molecular tautomers. We support this interpretation by comparing hyper-resolved fluorescence maps(15-18)(HRFMs) of the different spectral contributions with simulations that account for the interaction between molecular excitons and picocavity plasmons(19). We identify the orientation of the molecular optical dipoles, determine the vibronic fingerprint of the tautomers and probe the influence of minute changes in their atomic-scale environment. Time-correlated fluorescence measurements allow us to monitor the tautomerization events and to associate the proton dynamics to a switching two-level system. Finally, optical spectra acquired with the tip located at a nanometre-scale distance from the molecule show that the tautomerization reaction occurs even when the tunnelling current does not pass through the molecule. Together with other observations, this remote excitation indicates that the excited state of the molecule is involved in the tautomerization reaction path. Tautomerization, the interconversion between two constitutional isomers of a molecule, plays a major role in chemistry. The combination of hyper-resolved fluorescence microscopy with time-correlated measurements and spectral selection enables the identification and in-depth characterization of a tautomerization reaction within a single molecular switch.