期刊
MOLECULES
卷 25, 期 2, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020310
关键词
municipal sludge; anaerobic digestion; thermal pretreatment; microwave; contaminants of emerging concern; personal care products; antimicrobial disinfectants; triclosan; ultra-high performance liquid chromatography; tandem mass spectrometry
资金
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)International Research Fellowship Program [2214/A]
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC)-Collaborative Research and Development Grant [J462765-13]
Treatment of emerging contaminants, such as antimicrobials, has become a priority topic for environmental protection. As a persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulative antimicrobial, the accumulation of triclosan (TCS) in wastewater sludge is creating a potential risk to human and ecosystem health via the agricultural use of biosolids. The impact of microwave (MW) pretreatment on TCS levels in municipal sludge is unknown. This study, for the first time, evaluated how MW pretreatment (80 and 160 degrees C) itself and together with anaerobic digestion (AD) under various sludge retention times (SRTs: 20, 12, and 6 days) and temperatures (35 and 55 degrees C) can affect the levels of TCS in municipal sludge. TCS and its potential transformation products were analyzed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Significantly higher TCS concentrations were detected in sludge sampled from the plant in colder compared to those in warmer temperatures. MW temperature did not have a discernible impact on TCS reduction from undigested sludge. However, AD studies indicated that compared to controls (no pretreatment), MW irradiation could make TCS more amenable to biodegradation (up to 46%), especially at the elevated pretreatment and digester temperatures. At different SRTs studied, TCS levels in the thermophilic digesters were considerably lower than that of in the mesophilic digesters.
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